Міжфазні взаємодії гідрофобних порошків на основі метилкремнезему в водному середовищі
Анотація
Із використанням сучасних фізико-хімічних методів дослідження та квантово-хімічного моделювання досліджено будову поверхні, морфологічні та адсорбційні характеристики, фазові переходи в гетерогенних системах на основі метилкремнезему та його сумішей з гідрофільним кремнеземом.
Встановлено, що при певних концентраціях міжфазної води, гідрофобні кремнеземи або їх композити з гідрофільним кремнеземом формують термодинамічно нестабільні системи, в яких дисипація енергії може здійснюватись під впливом зовнішніх факторів: збільшенні концентрації води, механічних навантаженнях та адсорбції повітря гідрофобною компонентою. При порівнянні енергій зв’язування води у вологих порошках гідроущільнених зразків А-300 та АМ-1, що мали близькі значення насипної густини (1 г/см3) та вологості (1 г/г), близькі до 8 Дж/г. Проте процес гідратації гідрофобного кремнезему супроводжується зниженням ентропії і переходом системи адсорбент-вода в термодинамічно нерівноважний стан, який легко фіксується на залежностях міжфазної енергії (S) від кількості води в системі (h).
Виявилось, що для чистого АМ-1 міжфазна енергія води збільшується пропорційно її кількості в міжчастинкових зазорах лише у випадку, коли h<1 г/г. При більшій кількості води енергія зв’язування скачкоподібно зменшується, що свідчить про перехід системи в більш стабільний стан, який характеризується укрупненням кластерів адсорбованої води і навіть формуванням об’ємної фази води. Ймовірно при цьому відбувається часткове “схлопування” міжчастинкових зазорів гідрофобних частинок АМ-1 і виділення з них термодинамічно надлишкової води. Для сумішей гідрофобного та гідрофільного кремнеземів, максимум зв’язування води зміщується в сторону більшої гідратованості. При АМ1/А-300 = 1/1 максимум спостерігається при h = 3 г/г, а у випадку АМ1/А-300 = 1/2 він не досягається навіть при h = 4 г/г.
Дослідження реологічних властивостей композитних систем виявило, що під дією механічних навантажень в’язкість систем зменшується майже на порядок. Проте, після витримування в умовах навантаження з подальшим зменшенням навантажень до нуля, в’язкість системи знов зростає і стає суттєво більшою, ніж на початку досліджень. Тобто одержані матеріали мають високі тиксотропні властивості. Так, вологий порошок, що має всі ознаки твердого тіла після незначного механічного впливу легко перетворюється в концентровану суспензію з явними ознаками рідини.
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