Лазер-індуковані фазові перетворення та абляція на поверхні твердих тіл (Огляд)
Анотація
Фазові переходи лежать в основі широкого кола процесів зміни складу, структури та властивостей матеріалів, протікання яких в часі визначається кінетикою переносу тепла та маси в твердих тілах. Основною відмінністю лазерного впливу на конденсоване середовище, на відміну від інших джерел енергії, є локальність. Зокрема, локальність по часу визначає можливість отримання великої потужності, локальність в просторі визначає високу густину енергії, локальність в частотному діапазоні визначає передумови для управління процесом поглинання випромінювання речовиною. Тому класична теорія фазових переходів, що будується на термодинамічних уявленнях про повільні процеси переносу тепла та маси, в багатьох випадках виявляється непридатною для описання лазер-індукованих фазових переходів і вимагає суттєвої модифікації. Об’ємний характер поглинання лазерного випромінювання, неоднорідність розподілу інтенсивності теплових джерел в просторі і часі, нестаціонарність та неізотермічність протікаючих процесів суттєво ускладнюють фізичні та математичні моделі фазових переходів, ініційованих лазерним випромінюванням. В огляді детально розглядаються особливості фазових переходів (перетворень) та абляції, що відбуваються під впливом інтенсивного лазерного випромінювання в непрозорих поглинаючих твердих тілах. Розглянуто сучасні моделі структурно-фазових переходів в твердому стані та переходів твердий стан-рідина в ковалентних напівпровідниках. Окремо проаналізовано механізми утворення лазер-індукованих нестійкостей в твердих тілах. Проаналізовано різні теоретичні моделі лазерної абляції та межі їх застосування. Розглянуто процес лазерної абляції великих молекул зі спеціально виготовлених матриць.
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