Залізовмісні похідні графену
Анотація
Огляд присвячений розгляду результатів квантовохімічних розрахунків властивостей електрокаталізаторів на основі залізовмісних вуглеців, переважно графену. Описаний спосіб віднесення піків N1s в рентгенофотоелектронних спектрах (РФЕС) залежно від типу стану атомів азоту в електрокаталізаторах, які отримано піролізом суміші вуглець-, азот- та залізовмісних прекурсорів. Спільне використання даних з експериментально отриманих спектрів РФЕС та даних квантовохічних розрахунків щодо енергії хімічно викликаних зсувів остівних рівнів N1s дозволило напівкількісно визначити вміст різних типів атомів азоту в електрокаталізаторах у реакціях відновлення кисню (РВК).
Кількісний аналіз областей спектрів поглинання рентгенівських променів (як спектрів поглинання розширеної тонкої області так і спектрів поблизу краю) каталізаторів FeN-C, які не містять або майже не містять кристалічних структур Fe, показав існування у них порфіриноподібних фрагментів FeN4C12. Електрохімічні дослідження показали, що фрагменти FeN4C12 каталізують чотириелектронне відновлення молекули кисню до молекули води. Порфіриноподібні фрагменти можуть формуватися або у невпорядкованих графенових шарах, або між зигзагоподібними їх краями, що утворюють мікропори. Каталізатори FeN-C, які попередньо піддавалися Ar- та NH3-піролізу, демонструють зовсім різну активність у РВК. Збільшення активності у РВК, яка викликана фрагментами типу FeN4C12 обумовлена високоосновними N-групами, що утворюються при піролізі з NH3.
Детальний кінетичний та термодинамічний аналіз протікання РВК на каталізаторі типу FeN4-G з усіма пірольними атомами азоту показали, що енергія активації реакції дисоціації адсорбованої молекули O2 дуже висока незалежно від типу її адсорбції на каталізаторі FeN4-G у конфігурації моделей Полінга або Гріффіта.
Отримані в розрахунках діаграми зміни вільної енергії у РВК показують, що для всіх її елементарних стадій за чотириелектронним механізмом зміни вільної енергії (ΔG) негативні при низькому потенціалі електрода (до 0.41 еВ). Стадія, що лімітує швидкість РВК, це відновлення OH(ads) до H2O(ads), з Еact = 1.02 еВ.
Вперше проведено самоузгоджене порівняння активності ряду потенційних структур крайових дефектів активного центру залізовмісних каталізаторів на основі графенового нановуглецю та показано, що в залежності від умов синтезу, найбільш стабільними є структури з залізовмісними дефектами та чотирма або трьома атомами азоту. Передбачається, що ці структури можуть співіснувати. Кластерні структури типу FeN3(Fe2N5), ймовірно, здатні розщеплювати зв'язок у молекулі O2 з нульовим активаційним бар'єром і, отже, можуть направити РВК по дисоціативного маршруту. Очікується, що цей маршрут буде більш селективним, без утворення H2O2 через надмірне зв'язування проміжних продуктів у РВК. Дані неепіричної молекулярної динаміки показують, що на цю мимовільну реакцію, швидше за все, не впливає сольватація, оскільки розчинник, ймовірно, не змінює стійкості розглянутих крайових дефектів.
Отримані методом теорії функціоналу густини (ТФГ) результати показали, що в міру збільшення ступеня допування атомами азоту в графенах-FeNx (x = 4, 3, 2, 1) активність реакції їх гідрохлорування послідовно зростає. Отримано наступний порядок енергії активації (Eact) для каталітичної реакції серії каталізаторів графен-FeNx: графен-FeN1 > графен-FeN2 > графен-FeN3 > графен-FeN4.
Без накладання зовнішнього електричного поля впроваджений у графенову ґратку атом заліза активує молекулу метану з Eact 25.7 ккал/моль. Стабільність адсорбційних комплексів, перехідних станів та продуктів реакції істотно змінюється під дією напряму та напруженості прикладеного електричного поля. Позитивне електричне поле дестабілізує адсорбційні комплекси, тоді як перехідний стан і продукти реакції виявилися стабільнішими порівняно з випадком коли поле відсутнє. Енергія активації значно зменшилася з 25.7 до 17.5 ккал/моль при накладенні електричного поля напруженістю +0.015 ат.од. Отримані результати свідчать, що каталітична активність графену з додаванням заліза може регулюватися прикладеним зовнішнім електричним полем.
Методом трансмісійної електронної спектроскопії з корекцією аберацій показано, що дифузія одиночних атомів заліза на графенових краях залежить від типу краю (зиґзаґ чи крісло): субдифузія проявляється при формуванні краю типу крісло, а супердифузія – краю типу зиґзаґ. Теоретичні розрахунки показують, що ця відмінність пов'язана з різними бар'єрами дифузії між стійкими станами. Очікується, що аномальна дифузійна поведінка вплине на кінетику росту/каталізу синтетичних sp2 наноматеріалів, вирощених з використанням металевих каталізаторів. Проведені спостереження in situ та теоретичні дослідження (метод молекулярної динаміки, метод ТФГ) дають ключове уявлення про фундаментальні процеси росту sp2 нанорозмірних структур, зокрема графену та вуглецевих нанотрубок, на металевих каталізаторах.
Посилання
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