Композитні кріогелі, наповнені наноструктурованими матеріалами: досягнення та перспективи
Анотація
Представлено огляд сучасного стану у галузі синтезу та застосування композитних кріогелів, отриманих методом кріоструктурування із вмістом наноструктурованих матеріалів. Основну увагу зосереджено на полівініловому спирті (ПВС) і хітозані як ключових біосумісних полімерних матрицях. Проаналізовано фундаментальні принципи кріоструктурування – заморожування та чинники, що впливають на формування макропористої структури кріогелів: температура і швидкість охолодження, кількість циклів заморожування-відтавання, склад розчину, тип зшивання, присутність електролітів та низькомолекулярних добавок. Наведено особливості синтезу фізичних і хімічно зшитих гідрогелів, описано механізми пороутворення, явища кріоконцентрування, фазового розділення та формування міжмолекулярних зв’язків. Розглянуто сучасні підходи до створення композитних кріогелів, зокрема методи in situ та ex situ введення нанонаповнювачів (вуглецеві нанотрубки, оксиди металів, глини, тощо), їх вплив на морфологію, механічні властивості та біоактивність. Особливу увагу приділено застосуванню таких матеріалів у медицині: для адресної доставки лікарських засобів, імплантатів, тканинних каркасів, антибактеріальних та гемостатичних покриттів. Обговорено in vitro та in vivo властивості, включно з біодеградацією, контролем вивільнення, цитосумісністю та механічною стабільністю. Показано, що поєднання ПВС з хітозаном у композиційних кріогелях забезпечує оптимальний баланс між еластичністю, біологічною активністю та сорбційною здатністю. Стаття систематизує літературні дані останніх двох десятиліть та визначає перспективні напрями розвитку, зокрема проєктування «розумних» кріогелів з інтегрованими функціями для біомедичних застосувань.
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